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Basic Music Theory for Bass Guitar



There are a few essentials to music theory; the rest will just fall into place once you know these.  Ill try my best to explain simple music theory, and how to apply it.

We’ll start by recognizing that each fret on your bass [or guitar] is a half step.  A half step is basically moving from one note to the next; take a look:

E plus one half step is F

F plus one half step is F#

Etc….

Eventually, you would wind up back at your E after 12 half steps of repetition:

E-F-F#-G-G#-A-A#-B-C-C#-D-D#-E [Remember, no # between E-F and B-C]

On a side note, # means sharp, or one half step higher.  b means flat, or one half step lower.  Now, back to the lesson.

This is what’s known as a Chromatic Scale.  Simply put its every note between a root note [E in this case] and its octave.

A whole step, another term used commonly in music, is simply two half steps.  There is a whole step between A and B, there are two whole steps between E and G#, and you get the idea.

These two different steps are commonly notated H and W, creatively enough.

Now you should know what’s so special about that 12th fret on your bass [or guitar] that they put two dots on in instead of one; that’s right, it is what as known as your octave note.  On your E string, your 12th fret note is also an E; the same holds true for all your strings.

Now let’s take a look at how your bass is tuned.  Most commonly, it will be tuned EADG low to high.  Notice that there are five half steps between each string:

       E-F-F#-G-G#-A

Fret    0-1-2—3—4---5

I’m sure that is common sense to most of you who know a little about playing, but now you know why 5th fret E and open A is the same note.  The same works for all your strings.

Now, you should be able to name any note if I were to give you a string and fret number.  There are shortcuts to figuring it out, but I’ll leave you to figure out your own ways to remember the notes.

Ok, sit down and hold on, its time to learn your first basic scale!

In music, the Major Scale is the standard.  It is the default of everything that all other scales derive from.  Basically, if you bought a new car with no options, it would be similar to playing a Major Scale.

So, without any further delay, here it is, your first Major Scale!

WWHWWWH

……I’m sure you’re probably thinking, what the hell is that!? Where are the notes? Where are the frets?  Well, do you remember those half and whole notes I told you about earlier?  AHHHHH he says.  That pattern of steps is the pattern for a major scale of any note.  ALL MUSIC IS RELATIVE.  You have to realize that or you’ll never understand where I’m going with this.  Let’s try an example just to show you what I mean:

Say you want to do a C major scale.  Since we know that a C is 3rd fret on you’re a string [trust me, it is] we can start from there, and follow our pattern up to the next highest C, and that will be our major scale!

Remember the pattern! WWHWWWH 

A:-3-5-7-8-10-12-14-15

     C D E F  G   A   B   C

You follow?  Let’s take a closer look.  We start at C [3rd fret A string] and then proceed with our major scale pattern WWHWWWH.  Remember, since each fret is a half step, two frets will then be a whole step!

C major is a sweet scale, because it is composed of entirely whole notes [not a sharp or flat note]

Ok, try it again with another note. 

E:-0-2-4-5-7-9-11-12

Can you name off the notes without my help?  You should be able to 

Notice something; both the major scales start and end on the same note, and both the scales we looked at start and end 12 frets apart!  Remember how I said there are 12 half steps between a note and its octave?  There yah go 

Ok, well I hate to tell you this Luke, but there is 3 other strings that I can use to play my scale on, right?  Yes, indeed you can.  Let’s take a scale, and work on transposing notes to other strings so we can play our major scale without moving our left hand all over the place!

Let’s look back at out E major scale.  Did you name off the notes to it like I asked?  Well, if not, here they are: E-F#-G#-A-B-C#-D#-E

Now, you should be able to figure this out from what I have told you thus far, but Ill still hold your hand through it the first time. 

We know our open E string is an E note, right? [duh!]  So, start your major scale there, and follow your major scale pattern [WWHWWWH] up to the octave E; only remember that 5th fret on one string is the same as the next highest string played open!  Go ahead, try to figure it out! *patiently waiting for you to figure this out*

Well, if you’re having some trouble, your end result should look something like this:

G: ---------------------

D: -----------------1-2

A: ---------0-2-4-----

E:-0-2-4--------------

See how it works now?  Your octave note will always be “Two strings up and two frets right.” [There is an exception for guitar players because of there being only 4 half steps between your G and B strings]

Want to try something cool?  Fret your octave E and play both that note and your open Low E string.  Sounds pretty cool huh?  It should if you’re in tune.

Anyway, there’s a little more to this music theory thing.  Quit your whining!

You ever hear or read something like “slide up to the fifth, bend the second up to the minor third, and end a fill on the diminished seventh.”  Sounds confusing as all hell if you don’t know what all those numbers mean.  Simply put, when someone says second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, or seventh, they mean the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, or seventh note of your major scale!

Since we know our E major scale, take a look at the notes and their names:

E- first

F#- second

G#- third

A- fourth

B- fifth

C#- sixth

D#- seventh

Remember how I told you that your major scale is your default for everything?  This is why:  when people explain chords, scales, or anything of the like to you, if they assume you know anything about music, they’ll say it something like this:

“Flat the third, sixth, and seventh.”

Starting to understand now?  If they tell you to do ANYTHING like that, they mean, from your major scale.  That’s why it’s the default for music!!!

Now see if you can figure out an E minor scale from me telling you this:

“Flat the third, sixth, and seventh.”

That is how you get a minor scale from a major.  See if you can figure out the W and H step pattern for a minor scale.  See if you can figure out how to play a minor scale on three strings instead of one.  Walk through everything I showed you for your major scale with a minor scale; this should start to make lots and lots more sense once you actually have to think about it and figure it out.

Now, one more thing before I go.  You know how to play a scale over three strings, but obviously, there is more than one way to play a scale, involving all the strings and all the frets.  If you figure out the notes of a scale, and figure out where each and every one of those notes is everywhere on the fret board, then you should be able to play “in key.”  If you figure out where every E major note on your fret board is, and play only those notes [in any order] then you are essentially playing in the key of E major.

Check this out:

G:-1-2-4-6-7-9-10-12

D:-1-2-4-6-7-9-11

A:-0-2-4-6-7-9-11

E:-0-2-4-5-7-9-11-12

Since I felt nice for a second, I just tabbed out every E major note from 0-12 frets on all your strings for you.  Remember, since 12th fret is the same as the open note, the pattern would start over at 12th fret!  So on your E string, look that you could add 12 to all the fret numbers I showed you, and those will all still be in the key of E major 

Well, that should be enough information to keep you busy for quite some time.  There is a lot more I could tell you, but I think I’ll let this info sink in.

I know I’m not the best at explaining things, so if anywhere in this lesson I went too fast, didn’t explain well enough, or just totally f*cking confused you, PLEASE feel free to email me with questions:

lpbrown@iastate.edu

Good Luck, and keep those beats fat 



                    

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